This finding suggests that the number of strokes, but not elapsed time, constrained the decision of emperor penguins to return to the surface. Unlike the decision time to start returning, the cumulative number of strokes at the decision time fell within a similar range in the two experiments. The stroke rates were much lower in dives at the isolated hole and were inversely correlated with the upper limit of decision times in individual birds. This difference between the decision times in dives at sea versus the isolated dive hole was accounted for by a difference in stroke rate. However, in a large proportion of dives at the isolated dive hole, the decision-to-return time exceeded the upper limit at sea. It was found that there was an upper limit for the decision-to-return time irrespective of dive depth in birds diving at sea. In the present study, we examined the decision time in emperor penguins under two different conditions: during foraging trips at sea and during dives at an artificial isolated dive hole. Inevitably, however, a time lag exists between the decision of animals to start returning to the surface and the end of the dive, especially in deep dives. The issue of when to end a dive has been discussed intensively in terms of foraging ecology and behavioral physiology, using dive duration as a temporal parameter. Weatherford operates in over 50 countries and employs approximately 10,000 people worldwide.At some point in a dive, breath-hold divers must decide to return to the surface to breathe. (is one of the largest global providers of innovative mechanical solutions, technology and services for the drilling and production sectors of the oil and gas industry. Houston-based Weatherford International, Inc. Although no long-term data is available yet, well performance looks promising.”īrunei Shell is expected to undertake another nine ESS completions in the next six months, including three open-hole horizontals. All wells were completed with 7” 29# casing.Ĭommenting on the success of the project, Paul Metcalfe, manager for Weatherford’s Expandable Systems, said: “The continual commitment and teamwork that took place between all parties ensured this project was completed smoothly and ahead of schedule. The selected ESS was 4” and 4.5” 316 SS with 150 micron weave. The ESS was hung off using 9 5/8” (upper) and 7” Arrow Pack (lower) ESS deployment systems. The multi-zone ESS represents a significant time saving compared to the conventionally used internal gravel packs which would take up to two to four times longer for a similar completion design.”ĭue to well parameters, the lower zones on wells CW 13 and 15 were completed separately with ESS, while the upper zones were completed with a single string combining seal bores, spacer tubing, Expandable Isolation Sleeves (EIS) and ESS. “Working with Weatherford on this project enabled us to perforate and install the ESS systems in just over two days with only four Weatherford personnel on the rig. Explaining the reason behind appointing Weatherford, Jan Saeby, Petroleum Engineer, Shell, said: “We are continually looking to implement new technologies which will help us reduce costs and add value to our production methods. Shell chose to implement the ESS technology after carrying out a full comparison of all available sand control solutions. Under the terms of the project, Weatherford provided Shell with a complete sand control system encompassing full completion strings, including packers, ESS sand control units, seal bores, flushed joints, crossovers, seal assemblies as well as associated services. This has been achieved in depths of 2700 to 4000 metres, with each well being highly deviated, varying from 55 to 65 degrees. Three wells in Shell’s Champion West field, CW 13, 14 and 15, consisting of four, five and three zones respectively, have been completed using Weatherford’s ESS technology. 6, 2000 - Weatherford International, Inc.’s (WFT: NYSE) Completion Systems Division today announced it has completed the world’s first multi-zone expandable sand screen (ESS) single selective installation for Shell in Brunei.
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